What Are The Different Computer Programming Languages Taught By Our Experts?

A computer programming language is any of several languages used to express a set of detailed instructions for a digital computer. When such instructions are in the computer manufacturer’s specific numerical form known as machine language, they can be executed directly, after a simple substitution process when expressed in a corresponding assembly language, or after translation from some “higher-level” language. Although there are numerous computer languages, only a few are widely used.

Machine and assembly languages are “low-level,” requiring a programmer to explicitly manage all of a computer’s idiosyncratic data storage and operation features. High-level languages, on the other hand, shield a programmer from such considerations and provide a notation that is easier for programmers to write and read.

Language Types

Machine And Assembly Languages

A machine language is made up of numeric codes that represent the operations that a specific computer can perform directly. The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, also known as binary digits (“bits”), that are frequently converted from and to hexadecimal (base 16) for human viewing and modification. Some bits in machine language instructions are used to represent operations, such as addition, and others to represent operands or the location of the next instruction. Machine language is difficult to read and write because its codes differ from computer to computer and do not resemble conventional mathematical notation or human language.

Assembly language is a level higher than machine language. It employs short mnemonic codes for instructions and allows the programmer to name memory blocks that hold data. For an instruction that adds two numbers, one could write “add pay, total” instead of “0110101100101000”.

Assembly is intended to be easily translated into machine language. Although data blocks can be referred to by name rather than by machine address, assembly language does not support more sophisticated methods of organising complex information. Assembly language, like machine language, necessitates a thorough understanding of internal computer architecture. When such details are important, such as when programming a computer to interact with peripheral devices, it is useful (printers, scanners, storage devices, and so forth).

Algorithms Languages

Algorithmic languages are intended to express numerical or symbolic computations. They can express algebraic operations in mathematical notation and support the use of subprograms that package frequently used operations for reuse. They were the first advanced languages.

FORTRAN Programming

FORTRAN (formula translation), designed in 1957 by an IBM team led by John Backus, was the first significant algorithmic language. It was designed for scientific computations involving real numbers and collections of them in one- or multidimensional arrays. Its control structures included conditional IF statements, repetitive loops (so-called DO loops), and a GOTO statement that allowed programme code to be executed in any order. FORTRAN made it easy to create libraries of subprograms for common mathematical operations. FORTRAN was also designed to be easily translated into machine language. It was immediately successful and is still evolving.

ALGOL Programming

ALGOL (algorithmic language) was created in 1958-60 by a committee of American and European computer scientists for publishing algorithms as well as performing computations. ALGOL, like LISP (described later), had recursive subprograms—procedures that could be invoked to solve a problem by reducing it to a smaller problem of the same kind. ALGOL introduced the block structure, which means that a programme is made up of blocks that can contain both data and instructions and have the same structure as the entire programme. The block structure evolved into a powerful tool for constructing large programmes from small components.

ALGOL contributed the Backus-Naur Form notation for describing the structure of a programming language, which became the standard tool for stating the syntax (grammar) of programming languages in some variation. ALGOL was widely used in Europe, and it remained the language in which computer algorithms were published for many years. Many important languages, including Pascal and Ada (both described later), are descended from it.

C Programming

Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan of AT&T Corporation created the C programming language in 1972 for programming computer operating systems. It is comparable to ALGOL in its ability to structure data and programmes through the composition of smaller units. It employs a concise notation and gives the programmer the ability to work with data addresses as well as their values. This ability is important in systems programming, and C, like assembly language, has the ability to exploit all of a computer’s internal architecture. C, along with its descendant C++, is still one of the most widely used programming languages.